
PYUSD
PayPal USD price
$0.99914
-$0.00020
(-0.03%)
Price change for the last 24 hours

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PayPal USD market info
Market cap
Market cap is calculated by multiplying the circulating supply of a coin with its latest price.
Market cap = Circulating supply × Last price
Market cap = Circulating supply × Last price
Circulating supply
Total amount of a coin that is publicly available on the market.
Market cap ranking
A coin's ranking in terms of market cap value.
All-time high
Highest price a coin has reached in its trading history.
All-time low
Lowest price a coin has reached in its trading history.
Market cap
$886.32M
Circulating supply
887,381,866 PYUSD
100.00% of
887,381,866 PYUSD
Market cap ranking
--
Audits
CertiK
Last audit: --
24h high
$1.0009
24h low
$0.99734
All-time high
$4.9999
-80.02% (-$4.0008)
Last updated: Oct 5, 2024, (UTC+8)
All-time low
$0.98600
+1.33% (+$0.013140)
Last updated: Oct 5, 2024, (UTC+8)
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The following content is sourced from .

Odaily
Agora, a stablecoin startup, has announced the closing of a $50 million Series A funding round led by Paradigm with Dragonfly following. The funds will be used to drive the global expansion and compliance of its core product, AUSD.
This is not the first time that Agora has been favored by capital. Back in April 2024, the company closed a $12 million seed round led by Dragonfly. The two rounds of financing totaled $62 million, making Agora one of the few platform-based projects in the current stablecoin track that has received continuous bets from top institutions.
Who is Agora? What's the origin?
Agora is a stablecoin startup founded in 2023 by three co-founders, Nick van Eck, Drake Evans, and Joe McGrady, committed to building a new platform-based stablecoin architecture, also known as "white label stablecoin".
Nick van Eck comes from a traditional finance background and is the son of Jan van Eck, the founder of VanEck, a well-known asset management firm. Co-founder Drake Evans was a core engineer at MakerDAO, while Joe McGrady brings engineering and operations experience in Bridgewater-style institutions.
Agora has completed two rounds of funding so far. In April 2024, Agora closed a $12 million seed round led by Dragonfly Capital to develop its core product, AUSD, and build a white-label issuance platform. In July 2025, Agora announced the completion of a $50 million Series A funding round led by Paradigm and followed by Dragonfly, which will be used to accelerate global expansion and compliance. Up to now, Agora has raised a total of $62 million, making it one of the few platform projects in the stablecoin track that has received continuous bets from top VCs.
White Label Stablecoin AUSD, New Story or Old Packaging?
Tether and Circle have dominated the stablecoin market for a long time, one relying on volume to dominate the exchange, and the other focusing on compliance to open up traditional finance. But Agora doesn't intend to be "another USDT or USDC".
But underneath the current, this pattern is being leveraged by a startup called Agora.
Founded by Nick van Eck, the son of the founder of VanEck Investment Group, and two crypto industry engineers, Agora is positioned differently from Tether and Circle. Instead of trying to make a "more compliant USDT" or "more decentralized USDC", it has chosen a new path of platformization: to build an infrastructure that everyone can use to issue their own stablecoins.
It launched AUSD, a dollar-pegged stablecoin backed by a pool of assets managed by State Street Bank and VanEck. Different from the single-token distribution of Tether and Circle, Agora uses AUSD as the underlying unified liquidation asset, and opens up white-label issuance services on this basis - any enterprise, whether it is a Web3 project or an overseas payment company, can quickly issue its own brand of stablecoins, such as "GameUSD" and "ABC Pay Dollar", all of which share the on-chain liquidity and fungibility of AUSD.
This line of thinking is actually a bit like the model when Paxos partnered with PayPal to issue PYUSD in the early days. However, Paxos builds an independent stablecoin system for its partners, while Agora's partners must build directly on top of AUSD. This unified underlying design makes it easier for the entire system to aggregate liquidity and run out of network effects.
This platform-based issuance logic not only lowers the threshold for corporate stablecoin issuance, but also establishes a stronger ecological stickiness and moat for Agora.
From the perspective of compliance and technology construction, Agora is not a start-up. It's highly tied to traditional finance: custody of assets is handed over to State Street, asset management is handled by VanEck, and custody technology introduces Copper's MPC approach. At the same time, Agora is in the process of obtaining a fund transfer license (MTL) from various states in the United States in preparation for its future entry into the U.S. market.
In terms of ecosystem cooperation, Agora has cooperated with Polygon Labs to promote the issuance of customized stablecoins based on AUSD, and has also completed the first over-the-counter transaction of Galaxy, a crypto asset management institution. AUSD is currently listed on LBank and has opened USDT trading pairs, and is also supported by projects such as Injective, Flowdesk, Conduit, and Plume Network. In terms of on-chain, AUSD has implemented multi-chain deployment such as Ethereum, Sui, and Avalanche through Wormhole; Agora has also partnered with Agglayer, a cross-chain aggregation protocol launched by Polygon, in an attempt to make AUSD its native stablecoin.
Source: rwa.xyz
Of course, the total market capitalization of AUSD is still less than $200 million, which is still an order of magnitude away from USDT's 159.1 billion and USDC's 62 billion. But in the eyes of top institutions such as Paradigm and Dragonfly, Agora's platform logic may mean a structural restructuring of the stablecoin market: stablecoins are no longer just products, but can become platforms where every institution can have its own on-chain dollar.
If the logic of stablecoins in the past was "I'll send one for you", Agora's logic is "I'll send one to you". Tether and Circle are the "products" of stablecoins, while Agora is more like the "AWS" of stablecoin issuance.
Source: coingecko.com
What does a Multi-State Money Transfer Permit (MTL) mean to seize the U.S. market?
Applying for a multi-state money transfer license (MTL) is not only a "passport" for stablecoin issuers to operate in compliance, but also a key to unlocking the door to the huge market in the United States. MTL not only gives companies the right to legally carry out fund transmission and stablecoin issuance in multiple states, but also greatly enhances the trust of banks, exchanges and institutional investors, and becomes the basis for cooperation. At the same time, MTL requires companies to strictly comply with multiple compliance obligations such as anti-money laundering (AML), customer identification (KYC) and regulatory reporting, so as to ensure the transparency and security of their business and lay a solid foundation for the launch of innovative products and services in the future. Because of this, MTL is not only a solid shield against legal and regulatory risks, but also a strategic capital for stablecoin companies to gain a foothold in the U.S. market and continue to grow.
Currently, major stablecoin issuers such as Circle, Paxos, Gemini, and TrustToken have been licensed to transfer funds in multiple states.
As the issuer of USDC, Circle has extensive MTL coverage, which provides a solid guarantee for its recognition by mainstream financial institutions and banks.
Paxos is also actively deploying compliance, holding multi-state MTLs, and promoting stablecoin issuance through partnerships with PayPal, Binance, and others.
Gemini's GUSD is one of the first stablecoins in the industry to be licensed by the New York Department of Financial Services, and its issuer also holds a multi-state money transfer license.
TrustToken has obtained MTL in multiple states to support the legal issuance and circulation of its multi-asset-backed stablecoins.
In addition to these stablecoin issuers, several digital asset custodians and trading platforms such as Anchorage Digital, BitPay, and Kraken have also applied for and received multi-state MTLs. Typically, licensed institutions prioritize covering states that are highly regulated and have active crypto operations, such as New York, California, Texas, and Florida. Obtaining an MTL requires meeting strict capital adequacy, anti-money laundering (AML), customer identification (KYC), and compliance reporting requirements. Overall, holding multi-state MTL has become a key compliance threshold for stablecoin products to gain market recognition and institutional cooperation. Agora is in the process of applying for a multi-state MTL with the goal of entering this compliance camp and opening the door to the U.S. market.
As a rising star, Agora is actively applying for a multi-state MTL, which is an important step towards its legal and compliant operations, integration into the mainstream U.S. financial system, and market expansion. Through this move, Agora not only shows that it attaches great importance to compliance, but also sends a strong signal: it is determined to become a new force to be reckoned with in the stablecoin field, win the recognition of the market and institutions, and open a new chapter in its global layout.
Betting on Agora, Paradigm is not following the trend
Paradigm's investment logic has never been to follow the trend, but to bet on projects that can reconstruct the logic of infrastructure. Agora hits the ground running in a few directions that Paradigm is focused on:
Convergence path of traditional finance + blockchain: Agora leverages State Street and VanEck to embed compliance trust into on-chain products and build an institution-friendly issuance network.
Reshaping the distribution logic of stablecoins: from "I issue coins and you use them" to "I build the system and you send them", no longer just to be a stablecoin, but to provide the ability to issue stablecoins and improve network effect and capital efficiency.
Product design to adapt to regulatory trends: Proactively applying for MTL and accessing the financial regulatory framework will give Agora a first-mover advantage in the upcoming U.S. regulatory cycle.
Charlie Noyes, Partner at Paradigm, said in an interview, "Agora's product is a 'built-in battery' stablecoin system that allows businesses to start a stablecoin business immediately without hiring ten engineers. "
Show original19.29K
0

Blockbeats
Agora, a stablecoin startup, has announced the closing of a $50 million Series A funding round led by Paradigm with Dragonfly following. The funds will be used to drive the global expansion and compliance of its core product, AUSD.
This is not the first time that Agora has been favored by capital. Back in April 2024, the company closed a $12 million seed round led by Dragonfly. The two rounds of financing totaled $62 million, making Agora one of the few platform-based projects in the current stablecoin track that has received continuous bets from top institutions.
Who is Agora? What's the origin?
Agora is a stablecoin startup founded in 2023 by three co-founders, Nick van Eck, Drake Evans, and Joe McGrady, committed to building a new platform-based stablecoin architecture, also known as "white label stablecoin".
Nick van Eck comes from a traditional finance background and is the son of Jan van Eck, the founder of VanEck, a well-known asset management firm. Co-founder Drake Evans was a core engineer at MakerDAO, while Joe McGrady brings engineering and operations experience in Bridgewater-style institutions.
Agora has completed two rounds of funding so far. In April 2024, Agora closed a $12 million seed round led by Dragonfly Capital to develop its core product, AUSD, and build a white-label issuance platform. In July 2025, Agora announced the completion of a $50 million Series A funding round led by Paradigm and followed by Dragonfly, which will be used to accelerate global expansion and compliance. Up to now, Agora has raised a total of $62 million, making it one of the few platform projects in the stablecoin track that has received continuous bets from top VCs.
White Label Stablecoin AUSD, New Story or Old Packaging?
Tether and Circle have dominated the stablecoin market for a long time, one relying on volume to dominate the exchange, and the other focusing on compliance to open up traditional finance. But Agora doesn't intend to be "another USDT or USDC".
But underneath the current, this pattern is being leveraged by a startup called Agora.
Founded by Nick van Eck, the son of the founder of VanEck Investment Group, and two crypto industry engineers, Agora is positioned differently from Tether and Circle. Instead of trying to make a "more compliant USDT" or "more decentralized USDC", it has chosen a new path of platformization: to build an infrastructure that everyone can use to issue their own stablecoins.
It launched AUSD, a dollar-pegged stablecoin backed by a pool of assets managed by State Street Bank and VanEck. Different from the single-token distribution of Tether and Circle, Agora uses AUSD as the underlying unified liquidation asset, and opens up white-label issuance services on this basis - any enterprise, whether it is a Web3 project or an overseas payment company, can quickly issue its own brand of stablecoins, such as "GameUSD" and "ABC Pay Dollar", all of which share the on-chain liquidity and fungibility of AUSD.
This line of thinking is actually a bit like the model when Paxos partnered with PayPal to issue PYUSD in the early days. However, Paxos builds an independent stablecoin system for its partners, while Agora's partners must build directly on top of AUSD. This unified underlying design makes it easier for the entire system to aggregate liquidity and run out of network effects.
This platform-based issuance logic not only lowers the threshold for corporate stablecoin issuance, but also establishes a stronger ecological stickiness and moat for Agora.
From the perspective of compliance and technology construction, Agora is not a start-up. It's highly tied to traditional finance: custody of assets is handed over to State Street, asset management is handled by VanEck, and custody technology introduces Copper's MPC approach. At the same time, Agora is in the process of obtaining a fund transfer license (MTL) from various states in the United States in preparation for its future entry into the U.S. market.
In terms of ecosystem cooperation, Agora has cooperated with Polygon Labs to promote the issuance of customized stablecoins based on AUSD, and has also completed the first over-the-counter transaction of Galaxy, a crypto asset management institution. AUSD is currently listed on LBank and has opened USDT trading pairs, and is also supported by projects such as Injective, Flowdesk, Conduit, and Plume Network. In terms of on-chain, AUSD has implemented multi-chain deployment such as Ethereum, Sui, and Avalanche through Wormhole; Agora has also partnered with Agglayer, a cross-chain aggregation protocol launched by Polygon, in an attempt to make AUSD its native stablecoin.
Source: rwa.xyz
Of course, the total market capitalization of AUSD is still less than $200 million, which is still an order of magnitude away from USDT's 159.1 billion and USDC's 62 billion. But in the eyes of top institutions such as Paradigm and Dragonfly, Agora's platform logic may mean a structural restructuring of the stablecoin market: stablecoins are no longer just products, but can become platforms where every institution can have its own on-chain dollar.
If the logic of stablecoins in the past was "I'll send one for you", Agora's logic is "I'll send one to you". Tether and Circle are the "products" of stablecoins, while Agora is more like the "AWS" of stablecoin issuance.
Source: coingecko.com
What does a Multi-State Money Transfer Permit (MTL) mean to seize the U.S. market?
Applying for a multi-state money transfer license (MTL) is not only a "passport" for stablecoin issuers to operate in compliance, but also a key to unlocking the door to the huge market in the United States. MTL not only gives companies the right to legally carry out fund transmission and stablecoin issuance in multiple states, but also greatly enhances the trust of banks, exchanges and institutional investors, and becomes the basis for cooperation. At the same time, MTL requires companies to strictly comply with multiple compliance obligations such as anti-money laundering (AML), customer identification (KYC) and regulatory reporting, so as to ensure the transparency and security of their business and lay a solid foundation for the launch of innovative products and services in the future. Because of this, MTL is not only a solid shield against legal and regulatory risks, but also a strategic capital for stablecoin companies to gain a foothold in the U.S. market and continue to grow.
Currently, major stablecoin issuers such as Circle, Paxos, Gemini, and TrustToken have been licensed to transfer funds in multiple states.
As the issuer of USDC, Circle has extensive MTL coverage, which provides a solid guarantee for its recognition by mainstream financial institutions and banks.
Paxos is also actively deploying compliance, holding multi-state MTLs, and promoting stablecoin issuance through partnerships with PayPal, Binance, and others.
Gemini's GUSD is one of the first stablecoins in the industry to be licensed by the New York Department of Financial Services, and its issuer also holds a multi-state money transfer license.
TrustToken has obtained MTL in multiple states to support the legal issuance and circulation of its multi-asset-backed stablecoins.
In addition to these stablecoin issuers, several digital asset custodians and trading platforms such as Anchorage Digital, BitPay, and Kraken have also applied for and received multi-state MTLs. Typically, licensed institutions prioritize covering states that are highly regulated and have active crypto operations, such as New York, California, Texas, and Florida. Obtaining an MTL requires meeting strict capital adequacy, anti-money laundering (AML), customer identification (KYC), and compliance reporting requirements. Overall, holding multi-state MTL has become a key compliance threshold for stablecoin products to gain market recognition and institutional cooperation. Agora is in the process of applying for a multi-state MTL with the goal of entering this compliance camp and opening the door to the U.S. market.
As a rising star, Agora is actively applying for a multi-state MTL, which is an important step towards its legal and compliant operations, integration into the mainstream U.S. financial system, and market expansion. Through this move, Agora not only shows that it attaches great importance to compliance, but also sends a strong signal: it is determined to become a new force to be reckoned with in the stablecoin field, win the recognition of the market and institutions, and open a new chapter in its global layout.
Betting on Agora, Paradigm is not following the trend
Paradigm's investment logic has never been to follow the trend, but to bet on projects that can reconstruct the logic of infrastructure. Agora hits the ground running in a few directions that Paradigm is focused on:
Convergence path of traditional finance + blockchain: Agora leverages State Street and VanEck to embed compliance trust into on-chain products and build an institution-friendly issuance network.
Reshaping the distribution logic of stablecoins: from "I issue coins and you use them" to "I build the system and you send them", no longer just to be a stablecoin, but to provide the ability to issue stablecoins and improve network effect and capital efficiency.
Product design to adapt to regulatory trends: Proactively applying for MTL and accessing the financial regulatory framework will give Agora a first-mover advantage in the upcoming U.S. regulatory cycle.
Charlie Noyes, Partner at Paradigm, said in an interview, "Agora's product is a 'built-in battery' stablecoin system that allows businesses to start a stablecoin business immediately without hiring ten engineers. "
Show original

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Convert USD to PYUSD


PayPal USD price performance in USD
The current price of PayPal USD is $0.99914. Over the last 24 hours, PayPal USD has decreased by -0.02%. It currently has a circulating supply of 887,381,866 PYUSD and a maximum supply of 887,381,866 PYUSD, giving it a fully diluted market cap of $886.32M. At present, PayPal USD holds the 0 position in market cap rankings. The PayPal USD/USD price is updated in real-time.
Today
-$0.00020
-0.03%
7 days
+$0.0019396
+0.19%
30 days
-$0.00026
-0.03%
3 months
-$0.00106
-0.11%
Popular PayPal USD conversions
Last updated: 07/12/2025, 23:54
1 PYUSD to USD | $0.99880 |
1 PYUSD to EUR | €0.85397 |
1 PYUSD to PHP | ₱56.4422 |
1 PYUSD to IDR | Rp 16,216.92 |
1 PYUSD to GBP | £0.74011 |
1 PYUSD to CAD | $1.3684 |
1 PYUSD to AED | AED 3.6656 |
1 PYUSD to VND | ₫26,037.54 |
About PayPal USD (PYUSD)
The rating provided is an aggregated rating collected by OKX from the sources provided and is for informational purpose only. OKX does not guarantee the quality or accuracy of the ratings. It is not intended to provide (i) investment advice or recommendation; (ii) an offer or solicitation to buy, sell or hold digital assets; or (iii) financial, accounting, legal or tax advice. Digital assets, including stablecoins and NFTs, involve a high degree of risk, can fluctuate greatly, and can even become worthless. The price and performance of the digital assets are not guaranteed and may change without notice. Your digital assets are not covered by insurance against potential losses. Historical returns are not indicative of future returns. OKX does not guarantee any return, repayment of principal or interest. OKX does not provide investment or asset recommendations. You should carefully consider whether trading or holding digital assets is suitable for you in light of your financial condition. Please consult your legal/ tax/ investment professional for questions about your specific circumstances.
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Learn more about PayPal USD (PYUSD)

PayPal USD: Revolutionizing Cross-Border Payments and B2B Transactions
PayPal USD (PYUSD): A Game-Changer in the Stablecoin Landscape In 2023, PayPal made headlines by launching its own stablecoin, PayPal USD (PYUSD), becoming the first global financial company to take s
Jun 27, 2025|OKX
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Currently, one PayPal USD is worth $0.99914. For answers and insight into PayPal USD's price action, you're in the right place. Explore the latest PayPal USD charts and trade responsibly with OKX.
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Thanks to the 2008 financial crisis, interest in decentralized finance boomed. Bitcoin offered a novel solution by being a secure digital asset on a decentralized network. Since then, many other tokens such as PayPal USD have been created as well.
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ESG Disclosure
ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) regulations for crypto assets aim to address their environmental impact (e.g., energy-intensive mining), promote transparency, and ensure ethical governance practices to align the crypto industry with broader sustainability and societal goals. These regulations encourage compliance with standards that mitigate risks and foster trust in digital assets.
Asset details
Name
OKcoin Europe LTD
Relevant legal entity identifier
54930069NLWEIGLHXU42
Name of the crypto-asset
PayPal USD
Consensus Mechanism
PayPal USD is present on the following networks: ethereum, solana.
The Ethereum network uses a Proof-of-Stake Consensus Mechanism to validate new transactions on the blockchain. Core Components 1. Validators: Validators are responsible for proposing and validating new blocks. To become a validator, a user must deposit (stake) 32 ETH into a smart contract. This stake acts as collateral and can be slashed if the validator behaves dishonestly. 2. Beacon Chain: The Beacon Chain is the backbone of Ethereum 2.0. It coordinates the network of validators and manages the consensus protocol. It is responsible for creating new blocks, organizing validators into committees, and implementing the finality of blocks. Consensus Process 1. Block Proposal: Validators are chosen randomly to propose new blocks. This selection is based on a weighted random function (WRF), where the weight is determined by the amount of ETH staked. 2. Attestation: Validators not proposing a block participate in attestation. They attest to the validity of the proposed block by voting for it. Attestations are then aggregated to form a single proof of the block’s validity. 3. Committees: Validators are organized into committees to streamline the validation process. Each committee is responsible for validating blocks within a specific shard or the Beacon Chain itself. This ensures decentralization and security, as a smaller group of validators can quickly reach consensus. 4. Finality: Ethereum 2.0 uses a mechanism called Casper FFG (Friendly Finality Gadget) to achieve finality. Finality means that a block and its transactions are considered irreversible and confirmed. Validators vote on the finality of blocks, and once a supermajority is reached, the block is finalized. 5. Incentives and Penalties: Validators earn rewards for participating in the network, including proposing blocks and attesting to their validity. Conversely, validators can be penalized (slashed) for malicious behavior, such as double-signing or being offline for extended periods. This ensures honest participation and network security.
Solana uses a unique combination of Proof of History (PoH) and Proof of Stake (PoS) to achieve high throughput, low latency, and robust security. Here’s a detailed explanation of how these mechanisms work: Core Concepts 1. Proof of History (PoH): Time-Stamped Transactions: PoH is a cryptographic technique that timestamps transactions, creating a historical record that proves that an event has occurred at a specific moment in time. Verifiable Delay Function: PoH uses a Verifiable Delay Function (VDF) to generate a unique hash that includes the transaction and the time it was processed. This sequence of hashes provides a verifiable order of events, enabling the network to efficiently agree on the sequence of transactions. 2. Proof of Stake (PoS): Validator Selection: Validators are chosen to produce new blocks based on the number of SOL tokens they have staked. The more tokens staked, the higher the chance of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. Delegation: Token holders can delegate their SOL tokens to validators, earning rewards proportional to their stake while enhancing the network's security. Consensus Process 1. Transaction Validation: Transactions are broadcast to the network and collected by validators. Each transaction is validated to ensure it meets the network’s criteria, such as having correct signatures and sufficient funds. 2. PoH Sequence Generation: A validator generates a sequence of hashes using PoH, each containing a timestamp and the previous hash. This process creates a historical record of transactions, establishing a cryptographic clock for the network. 3. Block Production: The network uses PoS to select a leader validator based on their stake. The leader is responsible for bundling the validated transactions into a block. The leader validator uses the PoH sequence to order transactions within the block, ensuring that all transactions are processed in the correct order. 4. Consensus and Finalization: Other validators verify the block produced by the leader validator. They check the correctness of the PoH sequence and validate the transactions within the block. Once the block is verified, it is added to the blockchain. Validators sign off on the block, and it is considered finalized. Security and Economic Incentives 1. Incentives for Validators: Block Rewards: Validators earn rewards for producing and validating blocks. These rewards are distributed in SOL tokens and are proportional to the validator’s stake and performance. Transaction Fees: Validators also earn transaction fees from the transactions included in the blocks they produce. These fees provide an additional incentive for validators to process transactions efficiently. 2. Security: Staking: Validators must stake SOL tokens to participate in the consensus process. This staking acts as collateral, incentivizing validators to act honestly. If a validator behaves maliciously or fails to perform, they risk losing their staked tokens. Delegated Staking: Token holders can delegate their SOL tokens to validators, enhancing network security and decentralization. Delegators share in the rewards and are incentivized to choose reliable validators. 3. Economic Penalties: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior, such as double-signing or producing invalid blocks. This penalty, known as slashing, results in the loss of a portion of the staked tokens, discouraging dishonest actions.
Incentive Mechanisms and Applicable Fees
PayPal USD is present on the following networks: ethereum, solana.
Ethereum, particularly after transitioning to Ethereum 2.0 (Eth2), employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism to secure its network. The incentives for validators and the fee structures play crucial roles in maintaining the security and efficiency of the blockchain. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Staking Rewards: Validator Rewards: Validators are essential to the PoS mechanism. They are responsible for proposing and validating new blocks. To participate, they must stake a minimum of 32 ETH. In return, they earn rewards for their contributions, which are paid out in ETH. These rewards are a combination of newly minted ETH and transaction fees from the blocks they validate. Reward Rate: The reward rate for validators is dynamic and depends on the total amount of ETH staked in the network. The more ETH staked, the lower the individual reward rate, and vice versa. This is designed to balance the network's security and the incentive to participate. 2. Transaction Fees: Base Fee: After the implementation of Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) 1559, the transaction fee model changed to include a base fee that is burned (i.e., removed from circulation). This base fee adjusts dynamically based on network demand, aiming to stabilize transaction fees and reduce volatility. Priority Fee (Tip): Users can also include a priority fee (tip) to incentivize validators to include their transactions more quickly. This fee goes directly to the validators, providing them with an additional incentive to process transactions efficiently. 3. Penalties for Malicious Behavior: Slashing: Validators face penalties (slashing) if they engage in malicious behavior, such as double-signing or validating incorrect information. Slashing results in the loss of a portion of their staked ETH, discouraging bad actors and ensuring that validators act in the network's best interest. Inactivity Penalties: Validators also face penalties for prolonged inactivity. This ensures that validators remain active and engaged in maintaining the network's security and operation. Fees Applicable on the Ethereum Blockchain 1. Gas Fees: Calculation: Gas fees are calculated based on the computational complexity of transactions and smart contract executions. Each operation on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) has an associated gas cost. Dynamic Adjustment: The base fee introduced by EIP-1559 dynamically adjusts according to network congestion. When demand for block space is high, the base fee increases, and when demand is low, it decreases. 2. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Interaction: Deploying a smart contract on Ethereum involves paying gas fees proportional to the contract's complexity and size. Interacting with deployed smart contracts (e.g., executing functions, transferring tokens) also incurs gas fees. Optimizations: Developers are incentivized to optimize their smart contracts to minimize gas usage, making transactions more cost-effective for users. 3. Asset Transfer Fees: Token Transfers: Transferring ERC-20 or other token standards involves gas fees. These fees vary based on the token's contract implementation and the current network demand.
Solana uses a combination of Proof of History (PoH) and Proof of Stake (PoS) to secure its network and validate transactions. Here’s a detailed explanation of the incentive mechanisms and applicable fees: Incentive Mechanisms 4. Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators are chosen based on the number of SOL tokens they have staked. They earn rewards for producing and validating blocks, which are distributed in SOL. The more tokens staked, the higher the chances of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. Transaction Fees: Validators earn a portion of the transaction fees paid by users for the transactions they include in the blocks. This provides an additional financial incentive for validators to process transactions efficiently and maintain the network's integrity. 5. Delegators: Delegated Staking: Token holders who do not wish to run a validator node can delegate their SOL tokens to a validator. In return, delegators share in the rewards earned by the validators. This encourages widespread participation in securing the network and ensures decentralization. 6. Economic Security: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior, such as producing invalid blocks or being frequently offline. This penalty, known as slashing, involves the loss of a portion of their staked tokens. Slashing deters dishonest actions and ensures that validators act in the best interest of the network. Opportunity Cost: By staking SOL tokens, validators and delegators lock up their tokens, which could otherwise be used or sold. This opportunity cost incentivizes participants to act honestly to earn rewards and avoid penalties. Fees Applicable on the Solana Blockchain 7. Transaction Fees: Low and Predictable Fees: Solana is designed to handle a high throughput of transactions, which helps keep fees low and predictable. The average transaction fee on Solana is significantly lower compared to other blockchains like Ethereum. Fee Structure: Fees are paid in SOL and are used to compensate validators for the resources they expend to process transactions. This includes computational power and network bandwidth. 8. Rent Fees: State Storage: Solana charges rent fees for storing data on the blockchain. These fees are designed to discourage inefficient use of state storage and encourage developers to clean up unused state. Rent fees help maintain the efficiency and performance of the network. 9. Smart Contract Fees: Execution Costs: Similar to transaction fees, fees for deploying and interacting with smart contracts on Solana are based on the computational resources required. This ensures that users are charged proportionally for the resources they consume.
Beginning of the period to which the disclosure relates
2024-04-20
End of the period to which the disclosure relates
2025-04-20
Energy report
Energy consumption
8006.31920 (kWh/a)
Energy consumption sources and methodologies
The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components:
To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) ethereum, solana is calculated first. Based on the crypto asset's gas consumption per network, the share of the total consumption of the respective network that is assigned to this asset is defined. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.
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